Why literature?

I was delighted earlier this month to be able to speak at the book presentation of a legendary member of the Gregorian faculty, Fr. Joseph Carola, S.J. Fr. Carola recently published his first novel Dragons: A Roman Requiem this summer and invited me to say a few words at the book presentation. The talk gave me the opportunity not only to talk up a great novel, but also to reflect on why we read and write literature to begin with.


Thank you, Fr. Bagasse, for the introduction, and thank you, Fr. Carola, for the invitation to speak today and for involving me in the entire process of the production of Dragons.  Outside of Tolkien or Game of Thrones, few people can say that they have witnessed the birth of dragons.  But I can now say that I have.

I followed the book’s gestation via energetic reports at the breakfast table in the Gregorian Jesuit community.  I heard descriptions of places that would appear in the novel—the aptly named Villa Mondragone in Frascati; the former Jesuit collegio in Orvieto; the famous breach in the wall near the Porta Pia as seen from Villa Bonaparte, the French embassy to the Holy See.  I found out that more—many more—exploratory trips went into the production of the novel, including a ferry ride across the English Channel—it’s a good thing, none of the novel’s characters fell overboard or Father Carola might have tried to swim it.

Eventually, I read drafts and witnessed the dragons begin to spread their wings.  I saw, as so often happens in that mysterious process by which literature comes into being, the author himself surprised as he realized what his own characters would do.  I found myself noticing—Roman readers beware, because this is a side-effect of the novel—I started noticing dragons everywhere—on buildings, in fountains, on floors, in mosaics, looking down from windows, peaking around corners.

For me, seeing the book emerge from the quarry of Father Carola’s imagination was part of the fun of the project.  And fun it was, and is.  Appropriately so.  The Roman poet Horace, after all, wrote that the purpose of literature is both to instruct and to delight.  And even though the novel’s subtitle “A Roman Requiem” hints at the somber trajectory of the events it describes, the book is not without its moments of fun: the saucy dialogue of the Jesuit brothers—Brother Paglia, Brother Pampana, and Brother Azzopardi—who provide color commentary on current events, rolling their eyes at the fathers upstairs who remain lost in their theology while making the practical preparations necessary for the community’s survival amid the nineteenth century’s revolutionary violence.

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The difference that Christ makes

Christ carrying the Cross, Venetian 1515

Homily for Tuesday of the Twenty-ninth week in Ordinary Time (Year 2).

Perhaps Saint Paul’s description of the life of the Ephesians before their incorporation into Jesus Christ seems overly blunt. You were far off, Paul says, strangers, excluded, separated from God by a wall of enmity. We are not used to this kind of rhetoric.

But Paul’s blunt words are not written to reproach the Ephesians for their past life. They are already converted, and now they do live in the friendship of Christ. Paul’s words are written so that the Ephesians do not take this conversion for granted. This message is perhaps even more relevant to us, who were baptized as children and grew up as Christians.

The friendship with God that we enjoy in Christ is not the condition into which a person is born. It is a gift obtained by Jesus through the cross and shared with us in baptism. No other religion promises friendship with God or the divine sonship shared with us in the sacraments. Not the pagan religions of antiquity, not Buddhism, not Islam.

Christ is unique. His sacrifice, his love, and his friendship must never be taken for granted.

Readings: Ephesians 2:12-22; Luke 12:35-38

Original: Italian

October 22, 2024

Gregorian University Chapel

Rome

Jesus’ not-so-nice message

Homily for Thursday of the 28th Week in Ordinary Time (Year 2).

(Going through some old files, I came upon this reflection from my days studying philosophy at Loyola University Chicago.)

Today’s gospel is a difficult one to hear, frankly, because Jesus is not very nice.  Building off of yesterday’s condemnation of the Pharisees as self-serving, Jesus today accuses them of complicity in the murder of the prophets.  On the surface of it, his argument is not even particularly fair.  Not only are the opponents he addresses guilty of murder, but they are charged “with the blood of all the prophets shed since the foundation of the world.”  One yearns for the moderation of a good old-fashioned political attack ad.  

One is tempted to whisper in Jesus’ ear, “Don’t you know you aren’t going to get anywhere by condemning people.”  “You can’t just beat people over the head with the truth.”  “All this fire and brimstone really isn’t that pastoral.”  I could stand up here and try to spin Jesus’ words into something inoffensive, but they are offensive.  In fact we know they are offensive because at the end of Jesus’ speech, the scribes and Pharisees plot to kill him.  And you don’t try to kill someone for words that while perhaps a tad exaggerated, really are basically calls just to be nice.  No one has ever suffered martyrdom over Chicken Soup for the Soul.

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Discerning Jesus

The Miracles of St. Ignatius, Peter Paul Rubens 1617-8

Homily for Friday of the Twenty-seventh week in Ordinary Time (Year 2).

Today’s Gospel passage begins with a question of discernment. Where does the power that Jesus manifests in his actions come from? From God or from Beelzebul? Jesus drives out demons, and his response seems to me like a “rule for discernment” that Jesus suggests in another passage: “Every good tree produces good fruit, and every bad tree produces bad fruit… Thus, by their fruits you will recognize them” (Mt 7:16-20).

Faithfulness to Jesus, lived with integrity, gives us a stability and a peace that allows for growth. Jesus creates a peace in which life can flourish. Even if the circumstances surrounding us are marked by disorder and conflict, we must try to maintain that inner peace which is the sign of the Holy Spirit. The final words of the Gospel, however, warn us not to confuse an empty space with the presence of the Holy Spirit. It is not enough to eliminate demons. We must also invite the Lord Jesus to take up residence in our home.

He is the source of life, and the Gospel also contains the most fundamental question for discernment of all: are we with him or against him? “Whoever does not gather with me scatters,” says the Lord. But whoever is with him will find eternal life.

Readings: Gal 3:7-14, Luke 11:15-26

Original: Italian

October 11, 2024

Gregorian University Chapel

Rome

Signs of hope and goodness in the USA

Cloisters on the Platte Retreat Center

At the beginning of the summer, I posted about three short trips I took in Europe during the first half of the year that left me encouraged about ways in which the Church here is experiencing renewal. I spent a summer in the USA filled with pastoral activity and reconnecting with friends, so I thought it only fair to point out the many encouraging moments I had in the States as well. With quite a bit of international experience, I have to say that it is striking how much the American Church has going for it — energy and pastoral creativity, lots of committed and generous lay people, big families, sincere seminarians, and a sense of discipleship adapted to the religious pluralism of post-modernity.

I spent a good part of the summer giving retreats, first an 8-day retreat for Jesuits centered on the liturgy. It’s particularly humbling to lead a retreat for my Jesuit brothers, and I’m grateful to all the guys who were on it. Reviews were good, and I’ve already had sign-ups for next year’s retreat (June 30-July 8).

I also preached back-to-back weekend retreat at Cloisters on the Platte outside of Omaha; the days in between gave me time to enjoy the beautiful retreat center grounds in a way I never had time to before. Plus, I got to catch up with friends and an aunt and uncle in Omaha. The conversations one has on those retreats are always moving and inspiring. It’s wonderful to see people putting away their devices for a few days and turning the time over to God…

I made it back to South Dakota, where I was delighted to see that the trees I’ve planted at St. Isaac Jogues parish over the past couple of years are all alive and flourishing — the apple trees already had apples and the oaks had acorns. More digging and planting are planned for next year.

One of the summer’s most exciting events for me turned out to be a panel discussion sponsored by the tremendous Theology on Tap team at St. Wilfrid’s Church in Woonsocket, South Dakota. Woonsocket is, let’s just say, a long drive from wherever you are, so I was expecting a handful of people. Instead, 200 turned out. Woonsocket is a lovely small town, and St. Wilfrid’s overlooks an idyllic little lake. The town is said to produce the best melon in the country — and it didn’t disappoint. The panel’s theme centered on the story of Baby Brian, baptism of desire, and infant loss. Serious stuff, and I was really impressed to see so many people turn out, stick around to chat afterwards, and show such a strong desire to dive deeper into their faith on complicted issues.

Discussing Baby Brian and baptism of desire at St. Wilfrid’s in Woonsocket, South Dakota
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The Calling of St. Matthew: Mattia Preti’s homage to Caravaggio

The Calling of St. Matthew, Mattia Preti, 1635-40

Two years ago on the eve of St. Matthew’s feast day, I posted a reflection on one of Rome’s most spectacular artistic compositions: Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio’s St. Matthew cycle. This year I thought I’d share some pictures of a lesser-known depiction of the same event by an artist from the generation that followed Caravaggio, Mattia Preti (1613-1699).

Preti was born in Calabria three years after Caravaggio died, though he worked in many of the same locales as the earlier artist, among them Rome, Naples, and Malta. He also clearly shows the influence of Caravaggio’s style: the realism and intensity, religious passion, and the effect–as spiritual as it is artistic–of radiant light emerging from the darkness.

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Looking back on 9/11

Robert Gould Shaw and Massachusetts 54th Regiment Memorial, Boston

A few weeks ago I recommended checking out the new Substack of my friend Rachel Lu. Yesterday, Rachel posted a piece looking back on 9/11 in Law & Liberty which I highly recommend as well. It’s a piece I find especially resonant because Rachel writes about joining the Peace Corps in the wake of the attacks, and I did exactly the same thing.

In fact, we were classmates at Notre Dame at the time, and both happened to end up as Peace Corps volunteers in different former Soviet Republics in Central Asia — Rachel in Uzbekistan and I in Kazakhstan. Uzbekistan was certainly the more Islamic of the two, Kazakhstan more cosmopolitan and secular. More than the biographical similarities, however, I found myself resonating with the sentiments Rachel expresses — from a slightly naive but still fundamentally good youthful idealism to a deeper concern over the self-destructive tendencies American culture has shown in the quarter century since 9/11. I even learned a new word — oikophobia — which seems apt.

Here’s Rachel’s blurb about the essay in Substack:

I never risked life or limb like [those who signed up for military service], and signed on only for a form of service you’re allowed to quit at any time (though I didn’t, at least not until my term of service was up). Still, my little contribution meant something, at least to me, and I go on to reflect on how Americans’ understanding of themselves has changed over time. So much, in fact, that one sometimes wonders: Did Osama bin Laden finally win the war of hearts and minds?

Check out the whole essay “Mirrors of 9/11” here.

Living in a Church full of sinners: Homily for the 23rd Sunday in Ordinary Time

Homily for the twenty-third Sunday in Ordinary Time (Year A).

St. Ambrose and the Emperor Theodosius, Peter Paul Reubens 1615-6

One of the most important works of Italian literature is a collection of 100 short stories supposedly told by a group of people from Florence who were locked down in a country house during the Black Plague.  They didn’t have Netflix, so they told stories.  Some of the stories are really just off-color jokes, but since they’re more than 600 years old, now they’re considered literature.  One of those stories deals with a problem that’s at the heart of today’s Gospel.

There were two merchants, one Christian, one Jewish, living in Florence, and the Christian was always trying to convince his Jewish friend to convert.  One day, the Jewish merchant announced that he had to go to Rome for business, and his Catholic friend despaired.  You see, the fourteenth century was the low point of Church corruption, and he knew that if his Jewish friend went to Rome he would see the pope and the cardinals using the Church to enrich themselves, their relatives, and their illegitimate children.  And the Catholic merchant thought, “Now he’ll never become a Christian.”

So he was shocked a month later when his friend returned from Rome a devout Catholic.  He tried to ask delicately, “But didn’t you see anything wrong in Rome?”  And his newly baptized friend said, “Oh, it’s a swamp.  But if that is how the Church is run, and it’s still here after 1300 years, it can only be God who is keeping it going.”

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Christendom Reborn: new on Substack

Yearning to read something smart? Lord knows there’s plenty of schlock and silliness on social media when it comes to both religion and society. Algorithms often tend to multiply the obscene and bombastic — which is why when intelligent and original voices emerge it’s worth passing the word.

My friend Rachel Lu, a senior editor at Law & Liberty, whose work has appeared in America magazine, the National Review, and numerous other publications, has launched a new Substack page called Christendom Reborn. It comments on philosophy, culture, religion, motherhood, history, society, books, and more. The first couple of posts in which Rachel explains the impetus behind the project and gives wickedly smart reviews of some of the books that influenced her approach are especially worthwhile. Consider subscribing and hopefully we can goad Rachel into turning her ideas into a book…

While you’re at it, if you haven’t done so already, consider subscribing to this blog as well (also free!) so that you aren’t at the mercy of algorithms to stay updated but can receive an email update every week.

The question that changes who we are: homily for the 21st Sunday in Ordinary Time

Jesus consigning the keys to St. Peter, G. Battista Cassignola, 1569

Homily for the Twenty-first Sunday in Ordinary Time (Year A).

It’s hard to imagine a better Gospel reading with which to end an Ignatian retreat.  We find this episode at the middle point of Matthew’s Gospel, and the question that Jesus poses to his disciples is the hinge on which everything else turns: “Who do you say that I am?”

We have heard the episode before, so perhaps we don’t register what a strange question Jesus asks.  When I test my students at the end of the semester, I ask them about the content of the course, not about my own identity.  But Jesus asks about himself, not his message.  Were he any other teacher, such a question would be pure arrogance.  But Jesus is not like anyone else, and everything depends upon our recognizing the difference.  

Public opinion, as the disciples tell it, seeks to put Jesus into a recognizable category; he is one of the prophets, like Elijah or Jeremiah.  Perhaps he is the reincarnation of John the Baptist.  But Jesus does not let such answers go, and the disciples themselves have been with him long enough that they are not satisfied with such an answer, either.  There is a right and a wrong answer to the question Jesus asks.  It is not a matter of opinion.  Jesus is not administering a Rorschach test to prompt the disciples to look more deeply into themselves.  The question is not what is inside, but who is standing here before you.

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